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@Book{IAL,
  author = 	 {Adami, C.},
    title = 	 {Introduction to Artificial Life},
  publisher = 	 {Santa Clara: TELOS Springer-Verlag},
  year = 	 {1998} 
}


@InProceedings{AB1,
  author = 	 {Adami, C. and Brown, C.T.},
  title = 	 {Evolutionary learning in the 2D Artificial Life system 'Avida'},
  booktitle = {Artificial Life IV},
  pages = 	 {377},
  year = 	 {1994},
  editor = 	 {Brooks, R.A. and Maes, P.},
  publisher = {Cambridge, MA: MIT Press}
}

@Article{ABH,
  author = 	 {Adami, C. and Brown, C.T. and Haggerty, M.R.},
  title = 	 {Abundance distributions in Artificial Life and stochastic models: 'Age and Area' revisited},
  journal = 	 {Lect. Notes in Artif. Intell.},
  year = 	 {1995},
  volume = 	 {929},
  pages = 	 {503}
}


@Book{BP96,
  author = 	 {Bak, P. and Paczuski, M.},
  title = 	 {Physics of Biological Systems},
  publisher = 	 {Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag},
  year = 	 {1996}
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@Article{BS,
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@Article{BTW87,
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@Article{BTW88,
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  volume = 	 {A 38},
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@Article{BUR90,
  author = 	 {Burlando, B.},
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@Article{BUR93,
  author = 	 {Burlando, B.},
  title = 	 {The fractal geometry of evolution},
  journal = 	 {J. Theor. Biol.},
  year = 	 {1993},
  volume = 	 {163},
  pages = 	 {161}
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@InProceedings{CHU,
  author = 	 {Chu, J. and Adami, C.},
  title = 	 {Propagation of information in populations of self-replicating code},
  booktitle = {Proc. of Artificial Life V},
  pages = 	 {462},
  year = 	 {1993},
  editor = 	 {Langton, C.G. and Shimohara, K.},
  publisher = {Cambridge, MA: MIT Press}
}


@Article{ECL96,
  author = 	 {Elena, S.F. and Cooper, V.S. and Lenski, R.E.},
  title = 	 {Punctuated evolution caused by selection of rare beneficial mutations},
  journal = 	 {Science},
  year = 	 {1996},
  volume = 	 {272},
  pages = 	 {1802}
}


@Article{GS,
  author = 	 {Gil, L. and Sornette, D.},
  title = 	 {Landau-Ginzburg theory of self-organized criticality},
  journal = 	 {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  year = 	 {1996},
  volume = 	 {76},
  pages = 	 {3991}
}


@Article{GE77,
  author = 	 {Gould, S.J. and Eldredge, N.},
  title = 	 {Punctuated equilibria: The tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered},
  journal = 	 {Palaeobiology},
  year = 	 {1977},
  volume = 	 {3},
  pages = 	 {115}
}


@Article{GE93,
  author = 	 {Gould, S.J. and Eldregde, N.},
  title = 	 {Punctuated equilibrium comes of age},
  journal = 	 {Nature},
  year = 	 {1993},
  volume = 	 {366},
  pages = 	 {223}
}


@Article{LT94,
  author = 	 {Lenski, R. and Travisano, M.},
  title = 	 {Dynamics of adaptation and diversification--A 10,000 generation experiment with bacterial populations},
  journal = 	 {Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.},
  year = 	 {1994},
  volume = 	 {91},
  pages = 	 {6808-6814}
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@Article{NEW1,
  author = 	 {Newman, M.E.J.},
  title = 	 {Self-organized criticality, evolution, and the fossil extinction record},
  journal = 	 {Proc. Roy. Soc.},
  year = 	 {1996},
  volume = 	 {263},
  pages = 	 {1605}
}


@Article{NEW2,
  author = 	 {Newman, M.E.J.},
  title = 	 {A model of mass extinction},
  journal = 	 {Eprint adap-org/9702002},
  year = 	 {1997},
  volume =       {228},
  pages =        {202}
}


@Article{NFST,
  author = 	 {Newman, M.E.J. and Fraser, S.M. and Sneppen, K. and Tozier, W.A.},
  title = 	 {Self-organized criticality in living systems---Comment},
  journal = 	 {Phys. Lett.},
  year = 	 {1997},
  volume = 	 {A 228},
  pages = 	 {202}
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@Misc{OBA,
  author = 	 {Ofria, C. and Brown, C.T.},
  title = 	 {The Avida User's Manual},
  howpublished = {In Adami (1998), The Avida software is publicly available at ftp.krl.caltech.edu/pub/avida},
  year = 	 {1998}
}

@Article{RAU,
  author = 	 {Raup, D.M.},
  title = 	 {A kill curve for phanerozoic marine species},
  journal = 	 {Paleobiology},
  year = 	 {1991},
  volume = 	 {17},
  pages = 	 {37-48}
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@Article{SJD,
  author = 	 {Sornette, D. and Johansen, A. and Dornic, I.},
  title = 	 {Mapping self-organized criticality to criticality},
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  year = 	 {1995},
  volume = 	 {I 5},
  pages = 	 {325}
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@Article{Sb96,
  author = 	 {Sol\'e, R.V. and Bascompte, J.},
  title = 	 {Are critical phenomena relevant to large-scale evolution},
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  year = 	 {1996},
  volume = 	 {B 263},
  pages = 	 {161-263}
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@Book{WIL,
  author = 	 {Willis, J.C.},
  title = 	 {Age and Area},
  publisher = 	 {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
  year = 	 {1922}
}